|
(詳細はLand reform in North Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cải cách ruộng đất tại miền Bắc Việt Nam) can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the regime of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s. Land reform in North Vietnam is one of the most important economic and political programs launched by Viet Minh government during the years 1953-1956. This reform was carried out in the international context of several years later after establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and of formal diplomatic relations between PRC and DRV. As the first international supporter of DRV and for communist China’s intention to export its revolution, communist China’s influence in North Vietnam increased dramatically, and Maoist land reform of China was one of models exported to and followed by communist Vietnam. Chinese advisers were sent to DRV and directly involved into this campaign, thus the controversial effect was also reflected upon the Sino-Vietnamese relations. == Background == The project of land reform in North Vietnam was a product of the interplay of complex internal and external factors. On 9 March 1945, several years after occupation in Indochina, Japan took a military coup, threw away the French administration in Indochina and established a puppet indigenous government headed by Tran Trong Kim. However, five months later, Japan unconditionally surrendered. Taking the political vacuum, Viet Minh seized power by launching nationwide revolution, and founded DRV in Hanoi in September 2. Soon after that, Vietnam saw influx of big power. KMT’s Chinese armies accepted surrender of Japan in the northern Vietnam of 17 parallel, while the British in the south. Both of them negotiated and facilitated the French return. After negotiation between Viet Minh and the French broke down, the war between them started from late 1946 until 1954, this is called the First Indochina war (1946-1954). In the whole of the 1940s, Viet Minh fought solely against the French army. In terms of military capability, Viet Minh was in position of clear-cut disadvantage, this did not change until the establishment and involvement of PRC. During this period of time, DRV government was dominated by Viet Minh who was popular among indigenous political force, its domestic policy was to unite all possible forces for resistance war.〔''Nguyễn Xuân Minh. Lịch sử việt nam 1945-2000'', Nhà Xuất Bản Giáo Dục 2006, p. 20.〕 but it also embraced peasants, workers, students and some merchants and intellectuals.〔William J. Duiker. ''The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam''. Westview special studies on South and Southeast Asia, 1981, p. 107.〕 On 11 November 1945, ICP declared itself dissolution, aiming at downplaying the role of communist ideology by dissolving ICP into underground for garnering more support from mass.〔(Vietnamese Communist Party online Newspaper, 18 December 2012. )〕 In October 1949, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established PRC by overtaking its political rivalry KMT, which had a numerous impact on the political landscape of the region in general and Vietnam in particular.〔郭明. 《中越关系演变四十年》(Decade’ Evolution of Sino-Vietnamese Relations'' ), 广西人民出版社，1992 年, pp. 21-22.〕 From CCP’s perspective, Chinese revolutionary model was intended to be exported to the Asian countries and Vietnam included.〔King C. Chen. ''Vietnam and China, 1938-1954''. Princeton University Press, 1969, pp. 213-214.〕 What is more, increasing influence in its southern periphery was also for national defense and security.〔Qiang Zhai. ''China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975''. University of North Carolina Press, First Edition, 2000, pp. 20-21.〕 From the perspective of DRV, communist China was a good ally who shared the same ideology and similar approaches to complete communist revolution. They were glad to conduct a binary revolution at the same time: externally anti-colonialism and internally anti-feudalism. Thus Ho plead proactively for Chinese aid〔King C. ''Chen. Vietnam and China, 1938-1954''. Princeton University Press, 1969, p. 13.〕 After establishing formal diplomatic relations with PRC in early 1950, Luo Guibo became the first Chinese ambassador in DRV, and Chinese aid also flood into DRV, one of the most significant which was that Chinese advisory group was later sent to North Vietnam in the same year. Basically, Chinese advisory groups had double mission. The most important one was to provide advice on military affairs. After winning military victory in series of military campaign with considerable help from August 1950 onward, DRV not only gradually turned around the war situation but also expanded its controlling areas. This conducive environment facilitated DRV to carry out its land reform plan. As a government dominated by the communists, land reform was an integral part of its revolution. After its first trial failed in the 1930s, Vietnamese communists never had a real chance to carry out it, even during a long time after the foundation of DRV. For the sake of war, communist slogans were even diminished. Instead, they needed support from landowners and landlords. However, Chinese assistance outweigh domestic support from feudal classes and communism was re-emphasized. Indochinese party was divided along national lines and the Vietnamese Worker’s party (VWP) was officially formed in the early 1951.〔Christopher E. Goscha. ''Going Indochinese: Contesting Concepts of Space and Place in French Indochina''. Nordic Inst of Asian Studies; 2nd revised edition, 2012, p. 146.〕 Simultaneously, land reform was put on its agenda. More comprehensive and stricter land policies were formulated, and class struggle was emphasized as inseparable from the military struggle for the first time.〔Alex-Thai D. Vo. ''Nguyễn Thị Năm and the Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953''. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 10 No. 1, winter 2015; pp. 1-62.〕 On the other hand, the French and American-sponsored Quoc Gia Viet Nam (the State of Vietnam) emerged and was recognized by western powers. Particularly after the Bao Dai solution, DRV faced a competent rivalry regime which contest its monopolistic representation of the Vietnamese people. In this situation, Truong Chinh in his report to the party Congress in 1951 pointed out that as soon as the Bao Dai regime was set up, the landlord class aligned itself with the State of Vietnam.〔Ngoc-luu Nguyen. ''Peasants, Party and Revolution the Politics of Agrarian Transformation in Northern Vietnam 1930-1975'', pp. 255-256.〕 Except international and domestically political factors, as Bernard B. Fall pointed out, land reform was also necessary for economic reasons. 90 percent of population lived by agriculture but the problem was that the enormous population pressure upon the relatively small fertile areas. In the Red River delta, 9 million population was crowed in an area of 5790 square of miles.〔Bernard B. Fall. ''The Viet-Minh Regime: Government and Administration in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam''. Institute of Pacific Relations, 1956, p. 118.〕 The majority of population under DRV were peasants but did not have land to till, which was an unjust situation.〔Ngoc-luu Nguyen. ''Peasants, Party and Revolution the Politics of Agrarian Transformation in Northern Vietnam 1930-1975'', Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1987, p. 257.〕 Since the end of WWII in Indochina, people suffered a lot from famine and lack of enough food because of continuous wars. Improving their welfare can consolidate Viet Minh’s regime by garnering more support. Collective ownership as a palliative to landlessness has been a century-old practice throughout Vietnam and for individuals, they were deprived of rice field and had to turn to support to the communal land.〔Bernard B. Fall. ''The Viet-Minh Regime: Government and Administration in the Democratic Republic of Vietna''m. Institute of Pacific Relations, 1956, p. 118.〕 In Vietnam, there is a saying called “Phép Vua Thua Lệ Làng”, literally meaning that the emperor is secondary to village customs and implicitly indicating that national rule at the village was given a way to autonomous rule by village itself. This was also true for the DRV government, their influence in the grass root is relatively weak. Land reform served a good way to cement its power at the grass level. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Land reform in North Vietnam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|